What is the difference between weather and climate? It is quite complicated and quite frankly arbitrary and I personally do not like the NOAA definition of climate but this blog post sheds a little light on the subject.
It was posted in late January and it contains three short YouTubes you can watch that show how averaging turns weather into climate. It is not as precise as I would like but it at least starts the conversation. The post was written by Michelle L’Heureux
As many of the ENSO Bloggers do from time to time they intertwine the science with personal experience which may help in understanding the concept.
The official NOAA definition of Climate is the average over the last three completed decades so currently that is 1991 -2020. I do not like that definition because it does not reflect the influence of long cycles such as the AMO and PDO but I can not think of a better definition.
You can read the Blog Post with the comments HERE But I have reproduced most of the post in this article with some of my comments so click “Read More” to read my article.
First I have to describe what ENSO is. It is going to be a short definition of a very complex topic.
There appears to be a pattern that some incorrectly call a fixed cycle (rather than more of an oscillation) where sometimes the warmest water along the Equator in the Pacific Ocean is found to the west (officially the IndoPacific Warm Pool) and sometimes it is found to the east (leading to the name El Niño). When it is to the west we call that a potential La Nina. When it is to the East we call that a potential El Nino. And when it is not clearly to the west or the east we call it ENSO Neutral.
I am not in this article going to explain why the warm water is sometimes to the east or why it is sometimes to the east. It is very complicated.
Why is it important?
Generally speaking, warmer water evaporates more easily than cooler water. Where ocean water evaporates, clouds form. This rising of moisture to form clouds creates a circulation pattern called the Walker Circulation with rising air forming clouds and due to circulation patterns in other places there is precipitation and the air sinks.
Through other mechanisms that I will not describe in this article, the precipitation also spreads north and south of the Equator to impact weather patterns in the mid-latitudes all around the world.
What is the problem?
One problem is that the rising and subsiding process does not always materialize or match where we detect the warmer than normal water and the cooler than normal water. If it does not materialize, the changing distribution of the warmer and cooler water has little or no impact on the atmosphere and hence on weather. Thus the potential El Nino or La Nina does not become a true El Nino or La Nina. If it does materialize but not where we predict it would, that creates a El Nino or La Nina with different impacts than usual.
How to measure the process.
This is described in this article which is really a two-year-old ENSO Blog Post. I have included it in its entirety other than comments made to the article.
Short Abstract
The traditional way of measuring the distribution of warm and cool water is to do measurements in certain areas in the Eastern Pacific and consider the surface temperature relative to history. If the temperature of the surface area in the selected area is equal to or more than 0.5C above normal, it is potentially an El Nino. If it is -0.5C or cooler it is potentially a La Nina.
Where is the problem?
The potential problem is that ocean surface temperatures are warming. So is the threshold of 0.5C above or below normal as meaningful as it has been in the past?
What is the solution?
The traditional solution has been to revise the definition of normal periodically.
What is this ENSO Blog Post about?
Is the traditional approach adequate or would recalculating the temperature anomaly to consider the overall level of ocean warming or the ocean warming nearby improve the ability of the formula to predict weather that is more consistent with the assessment of El Nino and La Nina periods? This means using what is called a Relative Oceanic ENSO Index instead of the Regular Oceanic ENSO Index.
I will now let the ENSO Blog Post explain this. I do not think the described method has been implemented or at least not officially. One reason for that might be that it is an improvement but does not fully address the complications that warming oceans cause to our ability to measure and anticipate the impacts of the ENSO process; a process which may gradually change dramatically. This is the start of a much more complicated discussion but it is a good start.
We have previously looked at the impact of El Nino on precipitation. It was in THIS article. The key graphic was
Now we look at the impact of El Nino on snowfall. Even in the winter, not all precipitation falls as snow. This article is based on a blog post in ENSO BlOG at Climate.Gov by Michelle L’Heureux and Brian Brettschneider. We are only going to present the four key graphics in that Blog Post
You can read the full ENSO BLOG post HERE For some readers, you will have to hit “Read More” to see the rest of my article.
