Book Review: ‘Who Will Defend Europe? An Awakened Russia and a Sleeping Continent’

Despite frequent US calls to lift defence spending, most of NATO’s European members pocketed a ‘peace dividend’ in recent years by reducing their armed forces and defence industries. They imagined that war would never return to Europe and that, in any event, they could rely on the US to ensure their national security.

Both of these assumptions were illusory, as Keir Giles argues in a new book, Who Will Defend Europe? Giles is a senior fellow at Chatham House and Director of the Conflict Studies Research Centre. He has been a very active and prescient analyst of Russia, especially since the invasion of Ukraine, notably through his books Moscow Rules and Russia’s War on Everybody.

The China/Russia Axis

While the West has greatly assisted Ukraine against Russia’s aggression, China has substantially supported Russia despite China’s professed strong attachment to the principle of national sovereignty. How can we understand the China/Russia axis? How solid is this partnership? What does the future hold?


Vladimir Putin and Xi Jinping, Wikipedia, CC BY 4.0

US, China, Russia flags

Three New Kingdoms

By “three new kingdoms”, I mean the U.S., China, and Russia. I call them the “three new kingdoms”, because of their striking resemblance to the “three kingdoms” in ancient China. The three new kingdoms have been fighting against one another since 1945 and will continue to do so in the coming decades.