On the second Thursday of every month, NOAA issues its analysis of the status of ENSO. This includes determining the Alert System Status. Although the current status remains the same i.e. La Nina Advisory, the forecast has again been adjusted slightly from the prior month. There is some disagreement on when this La Nina will end with the best guess being perhaps March.
But I have actually seen only a few signs of it starting to happen. But all the meteorologists agree that it will. Could they all be wrong? Probably not.
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CLIMATE PREDICTION CENTER ENSO DISCUSSION
| The second paragraph is what is important: “The most recent IRI plume forecast indicates La Niña will persist into the Northern Hemisphere winter 2022-23, and then transition to ENSO-neutral in February-April 2023.” Also, the statement about the Trade Winds weakening. That seems to be the only indication that this La Nina may end. I am not convinced. |
| We now provide a lot of additional detail. The detail is for those who will find it interesting. If your main interest was in learning what the current Status of ENSO was and how long the current state might last, you may not need to read the remainder of this article as that information has already been presented above. If you are interested in how reliable the conclusion is and why one might accept the conclusion or be skeptical about the conclusion, continue to read. |
CPC Probability Distribution
Here are the new forecast probabilities. This information in the past has been released twice a month and the first release is based on a survey of Meteorologists, the second is based on model results. The probabilities are for three-month periods e.g. OND stands for October/November/December.
| Notice for JFM 2023 the probability of La Nina is higher than the probability for ENSO Neutral. But for FMA the probability for ENSOexceeds that for La Nina. So maybe March is when the ocean conditions will be consistent with ENSO Neutral but the impact on our weather may lag a month or so. So we really seem to be looking at La Nina into Spring. This is a very slight change from the analysis made last month which is a slight change from the analysis made the month before. Notice the increasing probability for El Nino. Jamstect has been predicting that but I do not have their latest report but expect to receive it soon. |
| I can not be sure but it looks like CPC is no longer using IRI or is using them in a subornative role. Either way, it is an improvement. |
Analysis of the current and prior first and second Forecasts in each month.
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| I think but I am not certain that the NOAA Climate Prediction Center (CPC) is now saying that the first set of probabilities is provided by CPC and only the second set is provided by IRI? |
Recent ENSO History.
| The three-month average of Nino3.4 readings becomes the Oceanic Niño Index or ONI. So that is an official number subject to change when they update the climatology. What you can see here clearly is the duration of the three phases of ENSO. So we have been in La Nina since JAS 2020. La Nina rarely goes beyond two years. This one looks like it will. Hence “Three-peat”. You can access the full history Here https://origin.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/ensostuff/ONI_v5.php Later I show an interesting graphic that appears in the Blog post written by Emily Becker which addresses the question of how often a re-peat becomes a Three-peat. There are reasons why it is unlikely but with Global Warming, history may not be as good a guide as usual. ENSO is something like a cycle. Could the length of that cycle be changing? So that is a question that some are thinking about. At first glance, it would seem that La Nina would be rarer rather than more frequent since it is associated with cool water in the Eastern Pacific. But the obvious does not always turn out to be correct. We have now recorded another 3-month ONI that was in La Nina territory. I just noticed there was a long string of La Nina ONI’s in 2010 through 2012 but there was one neutral reading that broke the string. But we have the same string in 2021 so I guess the stray neutral readings do not count. |
What Does the NOAA Proprietary ENSO Model Forecast?
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| The above does not auto-update but you can click HERE. https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/people/wwang/cfsv2fcst/images3/nino34SeaadjPDFSPRDC.gif NOAA relies more on the CPC/IRI Forecast. If you look carefully for the mean of the various computer runs it intersects -0.5C in JFM 2023. So that is basically saying that La Nina will end during the Winter not after Winter. It is difficult to sort it out as the situation is dynamic and this graphic shows both earlier and recent model runs and it is hard to tell them apart. |
And what does JAMSTEC have to say? We do not know. Their report has not been issued. I might add it when it is.
And BOM? (Australian Bureau of Meteorology
| BOM has a different cut-off for La Nina than other meteorological agencies but they see a more rapid end of this La Nina. |
What do Other Meteorological Agencies Say
I do not have the time or resources to check what all of the various meteorological agencies have to say about this. NOAA publishes (or is it IRI) what they call a plume of forecasts from many models not just those operated by the U.S. Last month those models seemed to show that ENSO Neutral with a strong bias towards La Nina was most likely. By a strong bias, I mean the forecast was for Nino 3.4 to be in the lower end of the ENSO neutral range. But the updated version of this “plume” will be published with the second IRI report so I do not have it now. But I do have a report from the Australian Meteorological agency (BOM) which shows a subset of models.
Australian BOM
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| What I am showing here are NINO 3.4 forecasts for November of 2022 and March of 2023. These are well-respected models. And using the U.S. threshold of -0.5 C no model this month shows we will be out of La Nina and into ENSO Neutral but by March they all show that we will be in ENSO Neutral. HERE is the link for this report and other ENSO information from BOM. |
Looking at Actual Current Conditions.
NOAA reports some derived data that describes the current situation and a forecast. But what if we want to form our own opinion? After all, meteorologists are looking at the actual current situation and making predictions.
This shows the current actual situation for the surface of oceans.
| Notice the cool water is almost all south of the Equator but the pattern extends to the west more than usual. To update this graphic click https://psl.noaa.gov/map/images/sst/sst.daily.anom.gif |
Here is how the BOM sees it.
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And here is a view averaged over a period of time.
| This is interesting as it sort of looks like PDO Positive in the Northern Pacific ocean with warm water along the coast and cool water out to see. But that signal has been flashing on and off so it is not yet reliable (I have not checked the index numbers produced by NOAA). But to me, it is very interesting. |
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Putting the historical information in motion (Updates can be found HERE.)
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Where is ENSO Measured?
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You can mentally superimpose the Nino 3.4 area shown encompassing part of the yellow and part of the red areas in the above map and you can see that it is cool in the Nino 3.4 area especially South of the Equator. That is an oddity of this La Nina that is both westerly displaced and focused mostly south of the Equator. There is not much discussion of that and how that might impact our weather. It certainly explains why the NINO 3.4 Index is still in La Nina territory but warmer than last month.
How About the Future?
ENSO is measured at the surface of the ocean because it is the surface that interacts with the atmosphere. But the surface changes over time so we pay a lot of attention to the subsurface. Here we are just looking at the Equator but from the surface down to 450 meters. And we are looking at the temperature anomalies (deviations from normal this time of year at the given depth and longitude). The Nino 3.4 Index is measured at the surface but the subsurface may become the future surface. There is anomalously cool water almost everywhere on the surface.
Below is what it looks like now. Does it look like it will soon be other than cool? It is complicated because we are looking at anomalies not absolute temperatures and we are only looking at a cross-section at the Equator when the Nino 3.4 Area extends five degrees north and south of the Equator but there is only so much information that can be presented in one graphic. Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies are only one component of ENSO but probably the most important component and La Nina is relative to SSTA is defined as -0.5C or colder.
Off to the west, the warm Indo-Pacific Warm Pool has receded from prior months but it is quite intense with maximum anomalies of 3 degrees Celsius (and small areas of +4 C). And we must remember that these anomalies are calculated based on the seasonal norms for water at that depth. So three degrees warmer than usual does not mean it is warmer than the water at the surface. So it will not automatically rise.
Mapping the details. (Cross-Section along the Equator)
The data is a five-day average centered on the date shown.
And the month before.
And two months ago.
| All I see is a lot of cold water (what is shown is anomalies compared to climatology for location and time of year. I am not showing more than one of the prior versions this time. But the above is clearly la Nina and the warm IndoPacific Warm Pool shows no indication of moving east to replace the cool water that defines a La Nina. The cool anomaly is mainly south of the Equator (can not see that in the above graphic) and it extends far to the west (which you can see) making it what the Japanese call a Modoki. |
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Another way to look at the same information
| There is only a slight indication that the Eastern Pacific is warming. In the above, the anomalies from the surface down to 300 meters are added together. It is now a tad warmer than two weeks ago. |
Are the changes significant? We need to look at additional information.
Another way of looking at the situation is the impact of the Oceanic Kelvin Waves.
What is below explains a lot.
We described Oceanic Kelvin Waves in the article some months ago but let’s just say they are near-surface waves confined to the Equator which can move warm water east and help end a La Nina. The downwelling phase of such a wave is shown in red and the upwelling phase is shown in blue. The recent Kelvin Wave made it look more likely that we would transfer to ENSO Neutral. But it turned out to be a fairly weak Kelvin Wave not followed by another one although we might see one forming in this graphic. We might but we do not.
| The onset and evolution of the recent Kelvin Wave explain most of the changes in the probabilities from one release to the next so I think the Meteorologists may not have been paying as careful attention to this as they might have. You have to look at the Hovmoller carefully since it is showing things over time. The dates are shown. And we are mostly interested in what is currently taking place between 170W and 120W and what we can expect to happen as the waves progress to the east. There are no signs yet of another Kelvin Wave. |
Looking at the Wind Anomalies. This is another way to try to understand what is happening and this is another Hovmoller chart. I am pretty sure they used to create these charts with a plotter and every day the roll would unwind and there was one more day’s worth of data added. The format remains and it still works pretty well.
| This is a Hovmoller graphic. It is sort of what comes off of a plotter so the most recent information is at the bottom and the earlier information is at the top. Easterlies tend to be associated with La NIna since the Warm water in the IndoPacific Warm Pool can not easily move east. There is NOW A SIGN OF THE Easterlies Possibly weakening. |
| The SOI has been falling which is a second argument in favor of the end of La Nina being possible but the SOI fluctuates a lot. |
| My conclusion is we do not know yet when this La Nina will be over if ever. I take that back, La Nina can not persist forever. |
From the NOAA ENSO Blog
A good resource is the posts by Emily Becker. I have extracted some of the graphics but you can click on the below to read her full post or click here
Emily always has some good graphics.
Water temperatures in the top 700 meters (2,300 feet) of the tropical Pacific Ocean compared to the 1991–2020 average in September–October 2022. NOAA Climate.gov animation, based on data from NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center.
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| We previously showed an animation of the surface SSTA. This is an animation of the subsurface namely a slice along the Equator. Earlier we showed the current view. This shows how that view has been gyrating but not really changing over time. |
And here is a second interesting graphic from Emily’s article:
Where are we headed? The current forecast from the North American Multi-Model Ensemble (NMME), a set of state-of-the-art computer climate models, is a major factor in the forecaster consensus. At this point, the NMME is predicting a decay of the Niño-3.4 anomalies into the spring.
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| Climate model forecasts for the Niño-3.4 temperature anomalies in 2022–23. Average dynamical model data (black line) from the North American Multi-Model Ensemble (NMME): darker gray envelope shows the range of 68% of all model forecasts; lighter gray shows the range of 95% of all model forecasts. NOAA Climate.gov image from University of Miami data. |
What about the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)?
| The index is calculated as the monthly difference between the western (10°S-10°N, 50°-70°E) (WTIO) and eastern Indian Ocean (10°S-0°, 90°-108°E) (SETIO) sea surface temperature departures from average. |
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Australia BOM IOD forecast
And JAMSTEC (We do not have their report yet)
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| The IOD seems to be over so I am not going to provide a discussion of the impacts of a negative or positive IOD |
